Essay of Translation Procedures

Essay of Translation Procedures

           Well, this is my occasion to make short essay about Translation Procedures, Strategies and Methods .

           As we know , the purpose of translation is to reproduce various kinds of texts in another language and thus making them available to wider readers.

          There are many translators in our surrounding, however  they have their  own way how to translate texts. One of translator is Nida (1964). She told us about  two types of translation procedures, they are technical and  organizational procedures. She said that there are three techniques  to  translate( called Technical Procedures) such as:  first, analysis of the source and target languages. Second, through study of the source language text before making attempts translate it. The last is making judgments of the semantic and syntactic approximations. (pp. 241-45). In this way, we more focus on what the translator has to do before translating.

          Furthermore,  her opinion about organizational procedures are constant reevaluation of the attempt made; contrasting it with the existing available translations of the same text done by other translators, and checking the text's communicative effectiveness by asking the target language readers to evaluate its accuracy and effectiveness and studying their reactions (pp. 246-47). In this case, we focus on not only one  the translator but also the other translators to compare the result of translation.

         The other translator is Krings (1986:18) defines translation strategy as "translator's potentially conscious plans for solving concrete translation problems in the framework of a concrete translation task," and Seguinot (1989) said that there are at least three global strategies employed by the translators: (i) translating without interruption for as long as possible; (ii) correcting surface errors immediately; (iii) leaving the monitoring for qualitative or stylistic errors in the text to the revision stage.

         Furthermore, Loescher (1991:8) defines translation strategy as "a potentially conscious procedure for solving a problem faced in translating a text, or any segment of it . Then Cohen (1998:4) asserts that "the element of consciousness is what distinguishes strategies from these processes that are not strategic."

         Moreover, Bell (1998:188) differentiates between global  and local strategies and confirms that this distinction results from various kinds of translation problems. The others opinion about translation procedures  is told by Venuti (1998:240) and Jaaskelainen (1999:7 and 2005)

         The other opinion is from Newmark (1988b) mentions the difference between translation methods and translation procedures. He writes that, "[w]hile translation methods relate to whole texts, translation procedures are used for sentences and the smaller units of language" (p.81). He divided methods of translation such as :Word-for-word translation, Literal translation, Faithful translation, Semantic translation, Adaptation, Free translation, Idiomatic translation, Communicative translation

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 2.1. Procedures of translating culture-specific concepts (CSCs)

          Graedler (2000:3) puts forth some procedures of translating CSCs:  first, Making up a new word. Second explaining the meaning of the SL expression in lieu of translating it. Third, Preserving the SL term intact. The last, Opting for a word in the TL which seems similar to or has the same "relevance" as the SL term.

          Defining culture-bound terms (CBTs) as the terms which "refer to concepts, institutions and personnel which are specific to the SL culture" (p.2), Harvey (2000:2-6) puts forward the following four major techniques for translating CBTs: Functional Equivalence, Formal Equivalence or 'linguistic equivalence, Transcription or 'borrowing' , and Descriptive or self-explanatory translation.

There  are different translation procedures that Newmark (1988b)proposes:Transference,Naturalization, Cultural equivalent, Functional equivalent, Descriptive equivalent: , Componential analysis, Synonymy, Through-translation, Shifts or transpositions, Modulation, Recognized translation, Compensation, Paraphrase, Couplets and Notes

         That’s alli know about translator procedures. It’s very important to translator to check and understand the source text first before translating it.